眾所周知，電子車間的潔凈度對產(chǎn)品的可靠性具有極其重要的影響，保持高水平的潔凈度可以確保產(chǎn)品的品質(zhì)和穩(wěn)定性。關(guān)鍵電子零部件在制造過程避免受到外部污染是至關(guān)重要的。若電子零部件受到污染，將增加故障和缺陷的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，降低產(chǎn)品的可靠性和壽命。因此，清洗工藝成為了電子制造過程難以割舍的一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)。在GB38508-2020《清洗劑揮發(fā)性有機(jī)化合物含量限值》中，將清洗劑分為三類，分別是水基清洗劑、有機(jī)溶劑清洗劑、半水基清洗劑。其中有機(jī)溶劑型清洗劑的主要清洗工藝為手工浸泡刷洗、超聲波清洗（非易燃易爆型有機(jī)溶劑清洗劑），以及汽相蒸汽清洗方式等。水基清洗劑與半水基型清洗劑的主要應(yīng)用工藝為超聲清洗和噴淋清洗，均為工業(yè)清洗中最為常見的清洗方式，兩者的清洗原理以及應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域上存有一些不同之處，藉由本文予以簡述。

　　As is well known, the cleanliness of electronic workshops has an extremely important impact on the reliability of products, and maintaining a high level of cleanliness can ensure the quality and stability of products. It is crucial to avoid external contamination during the manufacturing process of critical electronic components. If electronic components are contaminated, it will increase the risk of malfunctions and defects, and reduce the reliability and lifespan of the product. Therefore, the cleaning process has become an indispensable part of the electronic manufacturing process. In GB38508-2020 "Limits for volatile organic compound content of cleaning agents", cleaning agents are divided into three categories: water-based cleaning agents, organic solvent cleaning agents, and semi water-based cleaning agents. The main cleaning processes of organic solvent based cleaning agents include manual soaking and brushing, ultrasonic cleaning (non flammable and non explosive organic solvent cleaning agents), and vapor phase steam cleaning methods. The main application processes of water-based cleaning agents and semi water-based cleaning agents are ultrasonic cleaning and spray cleaning, both of which are the most common cleaning methods in industrial cleaning. There are some differences in the cleaning principles and application fields between the two, which will be briefly described in this article.

　　超聲清洗設(shè)備的清洗機(jī)理

　　Cleaning mechanism of ultrasonic cleaning equipment

　　超聲波清洗方式則是利用超聲波的空化作用對工件表面以及各種間隙內(nèi)進(jìn)行有效的清洗。工作原理是通過超聲波高頻振動，在清洗劑內(nèi)部瞬間形成數(shù)以百萬的微小氣泡，隨著大量氣泡的不斷的形成與破裂，產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)大的沖擊力和渦流效應(yīng)，撞擊工件表面的污染物，將污染物從工件的表面去除。

　　The ultrasonic cleaning method utilizes the cavitation effect of ultrasonic waves to effectively clean the surface of the workpiece and various gaps. The working principle is to use high-frequency ultrasonic vibration to instantly form millions of tiny bubbles inside the cleaning agent. With the continuous formation and rupture of a large number of bubbles, strong impact force and eddy current effect are generated, which impact the pollutants on the surface of the workpiece and remove them from the surface of the workpiece.

　　超聲清洗設(shè)備（來自網(wǎng)絡(luò)）

　　Ultrasonic cleaning equipment (from the internet)

　　超聲波清洗設(shè)備主要應(yīng)用于清洗各種零部件、器具、工具、機(jī)器等物體，主要的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域有汽車制造業(yè)中的發(fā)動機(jī)零部件、剎車片、輪轂的高精度的清洗，機(jī)械制造業(yè)中的齒輪、軸承、泵、閥門的油脂和污垢清洗，電子制造業(yè)中的電子元器件、印刷電路板表面的助焊劑殘留物和氧化物的去處以及食品加工業(yè)中的容器、工具、機(jī)器等需要高效、安全、衛(wèi)生的清洗等。

　　Ultrasonic cleaning equipment is mainly used to clean various components, appliances, tools, machines, and other objects. Its main application areas include high-precision cleaning of engine parts, brake pads, and wheel hubs in the automotive manufacturing industry, cleaning of grease and dirt on gears, bearings, pumps, and valves in the mechanical manufacturing industry, removal of flux residues and oxides on the surface of electronic components and printed circuit boards in the electronic manufacturing industry, and efficient, safe, and hygienic cleaning of containers, tools, machines, etc. in the food processing industry.

　　影響超聲清洗效果的主要因素有以下：超聲波頻率：超聲波頻率對清洗效果有很大影響，不同頻率的超聲波適用于不同類型的工件。低頻超聲波因其強(qiáng)大的剪切力，適用于簡單工件表面的清洗，而高頻超聲波適用于復(fù)雜表面和深孔盲孔等狹小縫隙工件的高精密清洗。

　　The main factors affecting the effectiveness of ultrasonic cleaning are as follows: Ultrasonic frequency: Ultrasonic frequency has a significant impact on the cleaning effect, and different frequencies of ultrasonic waves are suitable for different types of workpieces. Low frequency ultrasound is suitable for cleaning simple workpiece surfaces due to its strong shear force, while high-frequency ultrasound is suitable for high-precision cleaning of complex surfaces and narrow gap workpieces such as deep holes and blind holes.

　　超聲波功率密度：超聲波功率密度也會影響清洗效果。對于難以清洗的工件，宜采用大功率密度，而對于精密工件，宜采用小功率密度。功率密度越高，清洗效果越好，清洗速度也越快。過高的功率也會對易損零件、敏感器件造成潛在的負(fù)面影響。

　　Ultrasonic power density: Ultrasonic power density can also affect the cleaning effect. For workpieces that are difficult to clean, high power density is recommended, while for precision workpieces, low power density is recommended. The higher the power density, the better the cleaning effect and the faster the cleaning speed. Excessive power can also have potential negative effects on vulnerable parts and sensitive components.

　　清洗劑的種類：針對不同的工件應(yīng)當(dāng)需要選擇不同的清洗劑類型，復(fù)雜難以去除的重污染物應(yīng)當(dāng)提高相應(yīng)的清洗劑濃度或選用KB值高的有機(jī)溶劑型清洗劑。根據(jù)清洗劑種類的不同，選擇不同的參數(shù)以達(dá)到最佳的清洗效果。

　　Types of cleaning agents: Different types of cleaning agents should be selected for different workpieces. For complex and difficult to remove heavy pollutants, the corresponding cleaning agent concentration should be increased or organic solvent based cleaning agents with high KB values should be selected. Select different parameters based on the type of cleaning agent to achieve the best cleaning effect.

　　清洗溫度：超聲波在一定溫度范圍內(nèi)發(fā)揮最佳效果。溫度越高，有利于污染物的分解與剝離，但當(dāng)溫度過高時(shí)，反而會降低超聲波的清洗效果。

　　Cleaning temperature: Ultrasonic waves have the best effect within a certain temperature range. The higher the temperature, the more conducive it is to the decomposition and stripping of pollutants, but when the temperature is too high, it will actually reduce the cleaning effect of ultrasonic waves.

　　清洗時(shí)間：一般情況下延長清洗時(shí)間，清洗效果越好。但針對于敏感復(fù)雜的工件時(shí)，需合理的控制清洗時(shí)間防止對工件表面或內(nèi)部造成損壞。以上各種因素綜合起來，影響超聲清洗設(shè)備的清洗效果。因此，在使用超聲清洗設(shè)備時(shí)，需要根據(jù)具體情況選擇合適的超聲波頻率、功率密度、清洗劑類型和濃度以及清洗溫度，并合理的控制清洗時(shí)間，以獲得最佳的清洗效果。

　　Cleaning time: Generally speaking, extending the cleaning time results in better cleaning effectiveness. However, when dealing with sensitive and complex workpieces, it is necessary to control the cleaning time reasonably to prevent damage to the surface or interior of the workpiece. The combination of the above factors affects the cleaning effect of ultrasonic cleaning equipment. Therefore, when using ultrasonic cleaning equipment, it is necessary to choose the appropriate ultrasonic frequency, power density, type and concentration of cleaning agent, and cleaning temperature according to the specific situation, and control the cleaning time reasonably to achieve the best cleaning effect.

　　噴淋清洗設(shè)備的清洗機(jī)理

　　Cleaning mechanism of spray cleaning equipment

　　噴淋清洗過程主要借助于噴淋清洗設(shè)備，將水基或半水基型清洗劑高壓噴射到工件表面進(jìn)行清洗。其工作原理是通過高壓泵將清洗劑加壓到一定程度，通過專業(yè)的噴嘴將清洗劑噴灑到工件表面，借助于高壓沖擊力，結(jié)合清洗劑的潤濕、溶解、乳化、皂化等方式將污染物從工件表面或間隙中去除剝離，從而達(dá)到高效的清洗效果。

　　The spray cleaning process mainly relies on spray cleaning equipment to high-pressure spray water-based or semi water-based cleaning agents onto the surface of the workpiece for cleaning. Its working principle is to pressurize the cleaning agent to a certain degree through a high-pressure pump, and spray the cleaning agent onto the surface of the workpiece through a professional nozzle. With the help of high-pressure impact force, combined with the wetting, dissolution, emulsification, saponification and other methods of the cleaning agent, pollutants are removed and peeled off from the surface or gaps of the workpiece, thus achieving efficient cleaning effect.

　　噴淋清洗設(shè)備

　　Spray cleaning equipment

　　噴淋清洗設(shè)備主要應(yīng)用于工業(yè)制造領(lǐng)域，常用于去除機(jī)械設(shè)備、工業(yè)零件、管道表面的油脂和其他污垢等，在電子制造行業(yè)，印刷電路板（PCB）生產(chǎn)過程PCB表面上的化學(xué)物質(zhì)和助焊劑殘留，食品加工和醫(yī)藥領(lǐng)域的加工設(shè)備、管道和其他工業(yè)零件等各種行業(yè)。

　　Spray cleaning equipment is mainly used in the industrial manufacturing field, commonly used to remove grease and other dirt from mechanical equipment, industrial parts, and pipeline surfaces. In the electronic manufacturing industry, chemical substances and flux residues on the surface of printed circuit boards (PCBs) during the production process, as well as in various industries such as food processing and pharmaceutical processing equipment, pipelines, and other industrial parts.

　　影響噴淋清洗效果的主要因素有以下：

　　The main factors affecting the effectiveness of spray cleaning are as follows:

　　清洗設(shè)備的壓力：清洗過程中噴淋壓力會直接影響清洗效果，噴淋壓力越大，工件表面的沖擊力和剪切力越大，清洗效果越好，但對于柔性材料或敏感材料需控制噴淋壓力上限，防止對材料表面或工件可靠性造成損傷。

　　Pressure of cleaning equipment: The spray pressure during the cleaning process will directly affect the cleaning effect. The higher the spray pressure, the greater the impact and shear forces on the surface of the workpiece, and the better the cleaning effect. However, for flexible or sensitive materials, the upper limit of the spray pressure should be controlled to prevent damage to the material surface or workpiece reliability.

　　噴淋角度：正確的噴淋角度和位置可以確保清洗劑均勻無死角的覆蓋到工件的表面，從而達(dá)到最佳的清洗效果。清洗劑的選擇：清洗劑的效果與清洗劑的濃度密切有關(guān)。過低的濃度可導(dǎo)致無法有效的清除污染物，無法達(dá)到預(yù)期的清洗效果；而過高的濃度則可能會導(dǎo)致清洗劑的殘留，從而產(chǎn)生大量漂洗廢水。TECHSPRA特可銳，可滿足您對清洗劑的各種嚴(yán)苛的要求，我們的實(shí)驗(yàn)室和技術(shù)人員能夠?yàn)槟峁┰囼?yàn)和驗(yàn)證服務(wù)，ITW為您提供綜合解決方案。

　　Spray angle: The correct spray angle and position can ensure that the cleaning agent covers the surface of the workpiece evenly without dead corners, thereby achieving the best cleaning effect. The selection of cleaning agents: The effectiveness of cleaning agents is closely related to their concentration. Low concentration can lead to ineffective removal of pollutants and inability to achieve the expected cleaning effect; Excessive concentration may lead to residual cleaning agents, resulting in a large amount of rinsing wastewater. TECHSPRA can meet your various stringent requirements for cleaning agents. Our laboratory and technical personnel can provide you with testing and validation services, while ITW provides you with comprehensive solutions.

　　溫度和時(shí)間：在清洗過程中，清洗溫度的控制會影響清洗效果，同時(shí)也會影響清洗劑的消耗量和設(shè)備的使用壽命。清洗時(shí)間的長短也會影響清洗效果，清洗時(shí)間過短會導(dǎo)致清洗不徹底，而過長則會造成資源的浪費(fèi)。

　　Temperature and time: During the cleaning process, controlling the cleaning temperature can affect the cleaning effect, as well as the consumption of cleaning agents and the service life of equipment. The length of cleaning time can also affect the cleaning effect. A too short cleaning time can lead to incomplete cleaning, while a too long cleaning time can cause waste of resources. ???

　　噴淋設(shè)備的定期保養(yǎng)：定期對設(shè)備進(jìn)行維護(hù)和保養(yǎng)，檢查管道、噴嘴的清潔度可確保設(shè)備的清洗效果，同時(shí)也可以延長設(shè)備的使用壽命。總之，噴淋清洗設(shè)備的主要是通過高壓水流的沖擊力將物體表面的污垢剝離，達(dá)到清洗的效果。在清洗過程中，還需要控制系統(tǒng)對設(shè)備進(jìn)行精確控制，以保證清洗效果和設(shè)備的安全性。

　　Regular maintenance of sprinkler equipment: Regular maintenance and upkeep of the equipment, checking the cleanliness of pipelines and nozzles, can ensure the cleaning effect of the equipment and also extend its service life. In short, the main function of spray cleaning equipment is to remove dirt from the surface of objects through the impact force of high-pressure water flow, achieving the cleaning effect. During the cleaning process, it is also necessary to control the equipment accurately by the control system to ensure the cleaning effect and the safety of the equipment.

　　兩種清洗工藝的對比

　　Comparison of Two Cleaning Processes

　　超聲清洗是利用超聲波的空化作用和沖擊力來清洗物體表面和微小孔隙中的污垢。它廣泛應(yīng)用于工業(yè)領(lǐng)域，如電子元器件、醫(yī)療器械、眼鏡、珠寶等的清洗。噴淋清洗是通過噴淋管將清洗劑高壓均勻噴灑在物體表面，利用噴灑的高壓水流沖洗污垢。它常用于工業(yè)生產(chǎn)線上的清洗工藝，如汽車零部件、機(jī)械設(shè)備等的清洗。超聲清洗和噴淋清洗在清洗方式上有所不同。超聲清洗利用超聲波的物理效應(yīng)來清洗，可以清洗微小孔隙和復(fù)雜形狀的物體；而噴淋清洗則是通過高壓水流的沖洗作用來清洗物體表面。

　　Ultrasonic cleaning is the use of the cavitation and impact force of ultrasound to clean dirt from the surface and tiny pores of objects. It is widely used in industrial fields, such as cleaning electronic components, medical equipment, glasses, jewelry, etc. Spray cleaning is the process of uniformly spraying cleaning agents at high pressure onto the surface of objects through a spray pipe, and using the sprayed high-pressure water flow to flush away dirt. It is commonly used in cleaning processes on industrial production lines, such as cleaning automotive parts, mechanical equipment, etc. Ultrasonic cleaning and spray cleaning have different cleaning methods. Ultrasonic cleaning utilizes the physical effects of ultrasound to clean small pores and complex shaped objects; Spray cleaning, on the other hand, uses the flushing effect of high-pressure water flow to clean the surface of objects.

　　根據(jù)具體的清洗需求和物體特性選擇合適的清洗工藝，如需要清洗微小孔隙和復(fù)雜形狀的物體，超聲清洗可能更適合；如果需要快速清洗平面物體，噴淋清洗可能更適合。

　　Select the appropriate cleaning process based on specific cleaning needs and object characteristics. For cleaning small pores and complex shaped objects, ultrasonic cleaning may be more suitable; If you need to quickly clean flat objects, spray cleaning may be more suitable.

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